22 research outputs found

    Automated test data generation using a scatter search approach

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    The techniques for the automatic generation of test cases try to efficiently find a small set of cases that allow a given adequacy criterion to be fulfilled, thus contributing to a reduction in the cost of software testing. In this paper we present and analyze two versions of an approach based on the Scatter Search metaheuristic technique for the automatic generation of software test cases using a branch coverage adequacy criterion. The first test case generator, called TCSS, uses a diversity property to extend the search of test cases to all branches of the program under test in order to generate test cases that cover these. The second, called TCSS-LS, is an extension of the previous test case generator which combines the diversity property with a local search method that allows the intensification of the search for test cases that cover the difficult branches. We present the results obtained by our generators and carry out a detailed comparison with many other generators, showing a good performance of our approac

    Diseño de Heurísticas y Fundamentos del Recocido Simulado

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    [[alternative]]Environmental activities and urban sustainable development : eco-efficiency analysis

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    碩士[[abstract]]近年來,為因應全球輿論壓力、世界環保趨勢和國際市場要求,節能減碳已成為全球關注的焦點,形成各國消費與生產型態調整、轉變的典範。 各城市實施環保策略的主要目的即是達到永續發展,同時兼顧創造價值與減少對環境的衝擊。面對全球氣候變遷的挑戰,世界各國紛紛提出零碳排放的生態城市願景,許多大城市並展開結盟擴大綠建築及綠色產業的市場基礎。 國內不少城市已認識到自己的責任,紛紛積極行動,以減少溫室氣體排放。各縣市所研提的「永續發展策略規劃報告」,大多針對環境生態、社會及經濟3個面向,研擬相對應之永續發展策略。 本研究以生態效益觀點,探討環保活動與城市永續發展。生態環境效益的目的就是極大化產品的經濟價值,同時,極小化環境的衝擊。因此在減碳過程中,減碳效益就等於固碳效益,也就是進行植樹來進行碳補償。 為探討政府在節能減碳宣導活動下,對各縣市碳排放的影響評估,本研究以2008年 與2009 年兩個年度為經,台灣25個縣市為緯,進行資料包絡分析法評估,提出投入與產出之間所需改善的方向與幅度,並檢視績效良好之標竿縣市與其環保宣導活動效率之一致性。並期藉由資料包絡分析法(DEA)及差額分依法之實證分析結果以提供各縣市改善其宣導效率,進而對城市的永續發展目標有所貢獻。[[abstract]]Recently in response to global public opinion, global environmental trend and international market requirement, carbon reduction and energy saving has become the focus of global concern, forming a model in the adjustment and transformation of consumption and production pattern for other countries. The purpose of many cities implementing environmental policies aims to achieve sustainable development while creating value and reducing impacts on the environment at the same time. Facing with global climate change challenges, nations over the world have proposed the vision of zero-carbon eco-city. Many large cities also expand alliance and the market foundation for green buildings and green industries. Many cities in Taiwan also realize their responsibilities and take initiatives in actions to reduce greenhouse gas emission. The “Sustainable Development and Strategic Planning Report" proposed by most counties and cities emphasize on the 3 dimensions, environment and ecology, society and economics, for corresponding sustainable management policies. The study probes into the environmental protection events and city sustainable development from the perspective of eco-efficiency. The purpose of ecosystem and environment refers to the economic value of maximized product and currently the minimized environmental impacts. To discuss the impact assessment on the carbon emission from all counties and cities under the governmental advocacy activities for energy saving and carbon reduction, the study conducted Data Envelopment Analysis in the assessment, using year 2008 and year 2009 as the longitude and the 25 countries and cities of Taiwan as the latitudes, to propose the direction and range for improvement between input and output, as well as examining the consistence between benchmark counties and cities with excellent performance and the efficiency of advocacy activities for environmental protection. It is expected to provide advocacy efficiency for improvement to counties and cities through the empirical analysis and results from Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) and slack Variable and thereby to make contributions to the sustainable development and objectives of the city.[[tableofcontents]]目 錄 第一章 緒論 第一節 研究背景與動機-----------------------1 第二節 研究目的-----------------------------3 第三節 研究限制-----------------------------7 第四節 論文架構-----------------------------7 第二章 文獻探討 第一節 永續發展之意涵-----------------------9 第二節 國內外永續發展指標系統實例-----------11 第三節 生態效益之意涵及相關文獻-------------16 第四節 資料包絡分析理論---------------------20 第三章 研究方法 第一節 研究架構及對象之選取-----------------26 第二節 投入產出項之選取---------------------27 第三節 DEA分析模式之選取-------------------30 第四章 實證分析 第一節 敘述性統計--------------------------31 第二節 效率分析----------------------------38 第三節 差額分析----------------------------41 第四節 敏感度分析--------------------------46 第五章 結論與建議 第一節 研究結論----------------------------59 第二節 研究建議----------------------------62 參考文獻----------------------------64 表 目 錄 表 1-1 台灣各縣市在推動環保活動的主軸及口號------------------------------4 表 2-1 永續發展的相關定義-----------------------------------------------10 表 2-2 IUCN、UNEP及WWF之永續指標---------------------------------------12 表 2-3 西雅圖永續指標---------------------------------------------------13 表 2-4 台北市永續發展指標與策略研擬之研究-------------------------------15 表 2-5 投入及產出變數彙整摘要及定義表-----------------------------------28 表 4-1 2008年變數(4投入4產出)的敘述性統計資料(變數已經除以人口數)------31 表 4-2 2009年變數(4投入4產出)的敘述性統計資料(變數已經除以人口數)------31 表 4-3 2008年變數(4投入4產出)的皮爾森相關分析(變數已除以人口數)N=25---34 表 4-4 2009年變數(4投入4產出)的皮爾森相關分析(變數已除以人口數)N=25---36 表 4-5 台灣省25縣市之總效率值 (除以人口變數)---------------------------- 39 表4-6 台灣省25縣市之差額分析表(除以人口變數)( 2008年)------------------41 表4-7 台灣省25縣市之差額分析表(除以人口變數)( 2009年)------------------42 表4-8 ( 2008年) 減碳及植樹分析表----------------------------------------44 表4-9 ( 2009年) 減碳及植樹分析表----------------------------------------45 表4-10 台灣省25縣市之敏感度分析(除以人口變數)( 2008年)-------------------47 表4-11 台灣省25縣市之敏感度分析(除以人口變數)( 2009年)-------------------48 表4-12 台灣省25縣市之敏感度分析(除以人口變數)( 2008年 排名)--------------51 表4-13 台灣省25縣市之敏感度分析(除以人口變數)( 2009年 排名)--------------52 表4-14 (2008年) 各縣市每人相對效率匯總表--------------------------------56 表4-15 (2009年) 各縣市每人相對效率匯總表--------------------------------57 表4-16 2008年~2009年各縣市每人相對表現匯總表-----------------------------------------58 圖 目 錄 圖1-1 論文架構--------------------------------------------------8 圖1-2 單位等產量曲線-------------------------------------------22 圖1-3 DEA 研究設計架構圖---------------------------------------26[[note]]學號: 796600137, 學年度: 9
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